Abstract

Review Article

A Review on Heavy Metals in Ecosystems, Their Sources, Roles, and Impact on Plant Life

Humaira Aslam, Ali Umar, Misbah Ullah Khan*, Shehla Honey, Aman Ullah, Muhammad Ahsan Ashraf, Ghulam Ayesha, Nazia Nusrat, M Jamil, Shahid Khan and Adeel Abid

Published: 21 August, 2024 | Volume 7 - Issue 1 | Pages: 020-034

The presence of heavy metals (HMs) on Earth is essential to all forms of life. These metals are essential for plant and animal development but can have numerous negative effects on the living environment. In this review, we looked at where HMs come from, why they are harmful, and how they affect plants. Articles indexed in Google Scholar, PubMed, Research Gate, Science Direct, and a few books on heavy metals were consulted for this study. Heavy metals are essential for plant development and growth. According to this analysis, the hazardous effects of HMs are on the rise all throughout the globe, and this trend may be attributed mostly to human activity. Because of its impact on agricultural productivity and environmental changes, soil pollution caused by HMs is among the most crucial elements. Plants have evolved very sophisticated defense systems to deal with these environmental challenges. The threat that HM stress poses to plants has attracted a lot of attention worldwide because it could stunt agriculture’s long-term expansion. In spite of their importance for plants, this study found that HMs pose a significant threat to plant life. The novelty of this review lies in its detailed examination of both the beneficial and detrimental roles of HMs, providing a balanced perspective often overlooked in current literature. The significance of this work is underscored by its potential to inform sustainable agricultural practices and environmental management strategies, as it highlights the delicate balance required to harness the benefits of HMs while mitigating their risks. Despite their necessity for plant development, this review underscores the significant risks HMs pose to plant health and ecosystems.Less than 10 cases have been reported in the literature of the association of germline BRCA1 and Squamous cell Carcinoma – the esophagus. The article focuses on the probable pathogenesis of BRCA1 mutation with non-classic malignancies and the response of Poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARP) inhibitors in such a scenario. We report an unusual manifestation of the BRCA1 gene with second primary oesophageal squamous cell cancer occurring five years later to triple-negative breast cancer.

Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.jgmgt.1001012 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF

Keywords:

Heavy metals (HMs); Plants; Growth and development; HMs toxicity

References

  1. Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ. Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. In: Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology: Volume 3: Environmental Toxicology. 2012:133-64. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6
  2. Lang PF. Bonding, structure and uses of metals. J Metal Mater Res. 2023;6(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.30564/jmmr.v6i1.5173
  3. Wang B, Lan J, Bo C, Gong B, Ou J. Adsorption of heavy metal onto biomass-derived activated carbon. RSC Adv. 2023;13(7):4275-302. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fd2ra07911a
  4. Kumari S, Mishra A. Heavy metal contamination. In: Soil Contamination-Threats and Sustainable Solutions. IntechOpen; 2021. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/72968
  5. Madhu PM, Sadagopan RS. Effect of heavy metals on growth and development of cultivated plants with reference to cadmium, chromium and lead–a review. J Stress Physiol Biochem. 2020;16(3):84-102. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20201124230326id_/http://www.jspb.ru/issues/2020/N3/JSPB_2020_3_84-102.pdf
  6. Balali-Mood M, Naseri K, Tahergorabi Z, Khazdair MR, Sadeghi M. Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:227. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphar.2021.643972
  7. Vetrimurugan E, Brindha K, Elango L, Ndwandwe OM. Human exposure risk to heavy metals through groundwater used for drinking in an intensively irrigated river delta. Appl Water Sci. 2017;7:3267-3280. Available from: https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/2017ApWS....7.3267V/doi:10.1007/s13201-016-0472-6
  8. Qin G, Niu Z, Yu J, Li Z, Ma J, Xiang P. Soil heavy metal pollution and food safety in China: Effects, sources and removing technology. Chemosphere. 2021;267:129205. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129205
  9. Miller R. The elements: what you really want to know. Twenty-First Century Books; 2006. Available from: https://librarycatalog.cityofwoodland.gov/Record/.b17940795
  10. Boldyrev M. Lead: properties, history, and applications. WikiJ Sci. 2018;1(2):1-23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15347/wjs%2F2018.007
  11. Ara A, Usmani JA. Lead toxicity: a review. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2015;8(2):55-64. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fintox-2015-0009
  12. Levin R, Vieira CLZ, Rosenbaum MH, Bischoff K, Mordarski DC, Brown MJ. The urban lead (Pb) burden in humans, animals and the natural environment. Environ Res. 2021;193:110377. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110377
  13. Jones FN, Nichols ME, Pappas SP. Organic coatings: science and technology. John Wiley & Sons. 2017. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119337201
  14. Dignam T, Kaufmann RB, LeStourgeon L, Brown MJ. Control of lead sources in the United States, 1970-2017: public health progress and current challenges to eliminating lead exposure. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2019;25(Suppl 1 LEAD POISONING PREVENTION). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPHH.0000000000000889
  15. Clausen J, Bostick B, Korte N. Migration of lead in surface water, pore water, and groundwater with a focus on firing ranges. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 2011;41(15):1397-1448. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643381003608292
  16. Siegmund A. Primary lead production–a survey of existing smelters. In: Lead-Zinc. 2000:53-116. Available from: https://gcteng.com/wp-content/uploads/2000_Primary_Lead_Survey.pdf
  17. WATER D, ENTERS HL. Lead in drinking water. 2012.
  18. Dunn DJ. Water Delivery Report 2008. 2008. Available from: https://curaflo.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/CuraFloWaterDeliveryrReport2008-3_0.pdf
  19. Maas RP, Patch SC, Morgan DM, Pandolfo TJ. Reducing lead exposure from drinking water: recent history and current status. Public Health Rep. 2005;120(3):316-321. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003335490512000317
  20. Venkatesh DT, Paul A. Lead testing in soil contaminated with lead and reducing its effects on humans by the activity of activated lead. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303387938_LEAD_TESTING_IN_SOIL_CONTAMINATED_WITH_LEAD_AND_REDUCING_ITS_EFFECTS_OF_HUMAN_BY_THE_ACTIVITY_OF_ACTIVATED_LEAD
  21. Suliman NOF. Factors affecting child health with focus on lead element pollution: a case study of Greater Wad Medani Locality Gezira State-Sudan (2017). University of Gezira; 2018. Available from:
  22. Singh R, Parthvi R, Parthvi P, Agarwal J, Gupta P. Heavy metal contamination of spices. 2013; 3(1):47-65. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320211984_HEAVY_METAL_CONTAMINATION_OF_SPICES
  23. Slade G. Made to break: Technology and obsolescence in America. Harvard University Press; 2006. Available from: https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Made_to_Break.html?id=YMoxdac6J-cC&redir_esc=y
  24. Hunt WG, Crum B, Watson RT, et al. Lead bullet fragments in venison from rifle-killed deer: potential for human dietary exposure. PLoS One. 2009;4(4).
  25. Zhang H, F Wang, Y Lu, Q Sun, Y Xu, BB Zhang, et al. High-sensitivity X-ray detectors based on solution-grown caesium lead bromide single crystals. J Mater Chem C. 2020;8(4):1248-1256. Available from: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/tc/c9tc05490a
  26. Juberg DR, Kleiman CF, Kwon SC. Position paper of the American Council on Science and Health: lead and human health. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1997;38(3):162-180. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1997.1591
  27. Hossain MA, Piyatida P, da Silva JAT, Fujita M. Molecular mechanism of heavy metal toxicity and tolerance in plants: central role of glutathione in detoxification of reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal and in heavy metal chelation. J Botany. 2012;2012:1-19. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/872875
  28. Fahr M, Popp M, Schubert S. Effect of lead on root growth. Front Plant Sci. 2013;4:175. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00175
  29. Emamverdian A, Ding Y, Mokhberdoran F, Xie Y. Heavy metal stress and some mechanisms of plant defense response. Sci World J. 2015;2015:1-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2015%2F756120
  30. Tuteja N, Gill SS, Tuteja R. Plant responses to abiotic stresses: shedding light on salt, drought, cold and heavy metal stress. In: Omics and Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance. 2011;1:39-64. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97816080505811110101
  31. Aslam R, Bhat TM, Choudhary S, Ansari M. An overview on genotoxicity of heavy metal in a spice crop (Capsicum annuum L.) in respect to cyto-morphological behaviour. Caryologia. 2017;70(1):42-47. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2016.1258884
  32. McAllister TA, Ribeiro G, Stanford K, Wang Y. Forage-induced animal disorders. In: Forages: The Science of Grassland Agriculture. 2020;2:839-860. Available from: https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=3318471
  33. Pandey G, Madhuri S. Heavy metals causing toxicity in animals and fishes. Res J Anim Vet Fish Sci. 2014;2(2):17-23. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303213699_Heavy_metals_causing_toxicity_in_animals_and_fishes
  34. Knez E, Kadac-Czapska K, Dmochowska-Ślęzak K, Grembecka M. Root vegetables—composition, health effects, and contaminants. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(23):15531. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315531
  35. Gracia RC, Snodgrass WR. Lead toxicity and chelation therapy. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64(1):45-53. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp060175
  36. Mosheiff R, Weil Y, Khoury A, Liebergall M. The use of computerized navigation in the treatment of gunshot and shrapnel injury. Comput Aided Surg. 2004;9(1-2):39-43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3109/10929080400006382
  37. Neubauer U, Furrer G, Kayser A, Schulin R. Siderophores, NTA, and citrate: potential soil amendments to enhance heavy metal mobility in phytoremediation. Int J Phytoremediation. 2000;2(4):353-68. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15226510008500044
  38. Hauptman M, Bruccoleri R, Woolf AD. An update on childhood lead poisoning. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2017;18(3):181-192. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cpem.2017.07.010
  39. Committee on Environmental Hazards, Committee on Accident Prevention, Committee on Environmental Health. Statement on childhood lead poisoning. Pediatrics. 1987;79(3):457-465. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3822655/
  40. Lowry JA. Oral chelation therapy for patients with lead poisoning. Am Acad Pediatr. 2010;116:1036-1046. Available from: https://jeffreydachmd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Lead_Oral_Chelators_J_A_Lowry_2010.pdf
  41. Lin C-J, Pehkonen SO. The chemistry of atmospheric mercury: a review. Atmos Environ. 1999;33(13):2067-2079. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00387-2
  42. Sidhaarth DK, Baskar S. A review on adsorption of nickel and mercury from aqueous solution using nanoparticles. Int J Civil Eng Technol. 2018;9(9): 1246-1255. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362668219_A_Review_on_Adsorption_of_Nickel_and_Mercury_from_Aqueous_Solution_using_Nanoparticles
  43. Trüeb RM, Trüeb RM. The hair cycle and its relation to nutrition. In: Nutrition for Healthy Hair: Guide to Understanding and Proper Practice. 2020:37-109. Available from: https://www.amazon.in/Nutrition-Healthy-Hair-Understanding-Practice/dp/3030599191
  44. Blue LY. Immobilization of mercury and arsenic through covalent thiolate bonding for the purpose of environmental remediation. University of Kentucky; 2010. Available from: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/gradschool_diss/article/1788/&path_info=Blue_Diss_FINAL.pdf
  45. Khanna VK. Fundamentals of solid-state lighting: LEDs, OLEDs, and their applications in illumination and displays. CRC Press; 2014. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1201/b17076
  46. He F, Gao J, Pierce E, Strong P, Wang H, Liang L. In situ remediation technologies for mercury-contaminated soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2015;22:8124-8147. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4316-y
  47. Gomes CS, Silva EA. Health benefits and risks of minerals: bioavailability, bio-essentiality, toxicity, and pathologies. In: Minerals latu sensu and Human Health: Benefits, Toxicity and Pathologies. Springer; 2021; 81-179. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65706-2_4
  48. Kim M-K, Zoh K-D. Fate and transport of mercury in environmental media and human exposure. J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(6):335. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3961%2Fjpmph.2012.45.6.335
  49. Desforges JPW, Yurkowski DJ, Nilsen EA, et al. Mercury and neurochemical biomarkers in multiple brain regions of five Arctic marine mammals. Neurotoxicol. 2021;84:136-145. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2021.03.006
  50. MacDonald T. Effects of inorganic mercury on developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. University of Saskatchewan; 2015. Available from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/226135712.pdf
  51. Chauke T. Geology and geochemistry of Muyexe magnesite deposit, Giyani Greenstone Belt, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 2020. Available from: https://univendspace.univen.ac.za/handle/11602/1624
  52. Khan MA, Siddiqi ZA. Mercury: sources, toxicity and remediation. In: Heavy Metals.1.
  53. Antonelli MC, Pallarés ME, Ceccatelli S, Spulber S. Long-term consequences of prenatal stress and neurotoxicants exposure on neurodevelopment. Prog Neurobiol. 2017;155:21-35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.05.005
  54. Gil A, Gil F. Fish, a Mediterranean source of n-3 PUFA: benefits do not justify limiting consumption. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(S2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514003742
  55. Atti SK, Cushing T, Oladele A, Casteel S, Kiernan E, Dela Cruz R, et al. All that glitters is not gold: mercury poisoning in a family mimicking an infectious illness. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2020;50(2):100758. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2020.100758
  56. Stambulska UY, Bayliak MM, Lushchak VI. Chromium (VI) toxicity in legume plants: modulation effects of rhizobial symbiosis. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:1-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8031213
  57. Liu X. Chlorin-like photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. University of British Columbia; 2005. Available from: https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0061112
  58. Dary M, Chamber-Pérez MA, Palomares A, Pajuelo E. “In situ” phytostabilisation of heavy metal polluted soils using Lupinus luteus inoculated with metal resistant plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria. J Hazard Mater. 2010;177(1-3):323-330. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.035
  59. Mani D, Kumar C. Biotechnological advances in bioremediation of heavy metals contaminated ecosystems: an overview with special reference to phytoremediation. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2014;11:843-872. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-013-0299-8
  60. Jean-Philippe SR, Franklin JA, Buckley DS, Hughes K. The effect of mercury on trees and their mycorrhizal fungi. Environ Pollut. 2011;159(10):2733-2739. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.05.017
  61. Chan H, Scheuhammer A, Ferran A, Loupelle C, Holloway J, Weech S. Impacts of mercury on freshwater fish-eating wildlife and humans. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 2003;9(4):867-883. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713610013
  62. Desrosiers M, Planas D, Mucci A. Mercury methylation in the epilithon of boreal shield aquatic ecosystems. Environ Sci Technol. 2006;40(5):1540-1546. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0508828
  63. Sharma S, Nagpal A, Vig AP. Genoprotective potential of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. against mercury-induced genotoxicity in Allium cepa L. Turk J Biol. 2012;36(6):622-629. Available from: https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1740&context=biology
  64. Agarwal M, Rathore RS, Jagoe CH, Chauhan A. Multiple lines of evidences reveal mechanisms underpinning mercury resistance and volatilization by Stenotrophomonas sp. MA5 isolated from the Savannah River Site (SRS), USA. Cells. 2019;8(4):309. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8040309
  65. Silver S, Phung LT. Bacterial heavy metal resistance: new surprises. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1996;50:753-789. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.50.1.753
  66. Barkay T, Miller SM, Summers AO. Bacterial mercury resistance from atoms to ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2003;27(2-3):355-384. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-6445(03)00046-9
  67. Gatehouse LN. Construction of a cDNA library encoding pea seed proteins. Durham University; 1985. Available from: https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7118/
  68. Gupta DK, Vandenhove H, Inouhe M. Role of phytochelatins in heavy metal stress and detoxification mechanisms in plants. In: Heavy metal stress in plants. 2013; 73-94. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38469-1_4
  69. Yadav SK. Heavy metals toxicity in plants: an overview on the role of glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants. S Afr J Bot. 2010;76(2):167-179. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2009.10.007
  70. I I I H Works. A guide to mercury reduction in industrial and commercial settings. 2001. Available from: https://archive.epa.gov/region5/mercury/web/pdf/delta%20inst%20merc%20red%20guide%20ind%20comm%2001.pdf
  71. Lee K. 2022 Solid-state lighting R&D opportunities. Guidehouse; 2022. Available from: https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-02/2022-ssl-rd-opportunities.pdf
  72. Cheng H, Hu Y. Mercury in municipal solid waste in China and its control: a review. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46(2):593-605. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/es2026517
  73. Cabaniss AD. Handbook on household hazardous waste. Rowman & Littlefield; 2018. Available from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=745iDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=73.%09Cabaniss+AD.+Handbook+on+household+hazardous+waste.+Rowman+%26+Littlefield%3B+2018&ots=WJZsBTglJL&sig=NtH2bD50zQFmwDeKrr5xwxplQmk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=73.%09Cabaniss%20AD.%20Handbook%20on%20household%20hazardous%20waste.%20Rowman%20%26%20Littlefield%3B%202018&f=false
  74. Shuaib M, Azam N, Bahadur S, Romman M, Yu Q, Xuexiu C. Variation and succession of microbial communities under the conditions of persistent heavy metal and their survival mechanism. Microb Pathog. 2021;150:104713. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104713
  75. Fatoki OS, Akinsoji OS, Ximba BJ, Olujimi O, Ayanda OS. Arsenic contamination: Africa the missing gap. 2013; 25: 16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.15360
  76. Mou SA, Kabir MH, Yasmin S, Ahmed S. Arsenic mitigation technologies from ground water: a brief review.2022; 2(5):139-158. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.34104/ajpab.020.01390158
  77. Letsoalo MR. Speciation of arsenic water and sediments from Mokolo and Great Letaba Rivers, Limpopo Province. 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1927
  78. Du Laing G, Rinklebe J, Vandecasteele B, Meers E, Tack FM. Trace metal behaviour in estuarine and riverine floodplain soils and sediments: a review. Sci Total Environ. 2009;407(13):3972-3985. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.07.025
  79. Kulsum PG, Khanam R, Das S, Nayak AK, Tack FMG, Meers E, et al. A state-of-the-art review on cadmium uptake, toxicity, and tolerance in rice: from physiological response to remediation process. Environ Res. 2022;115098. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.115098
  80. Ishimaru Y, Takahashi R, Bashir K, Shimo H, Senoura T, Sugimoto K, et al. Characterizing the role of rice NRAMP5 in manganese, iron and cadmium transport. Sci Rep. 2012;2(1):286. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep00286
  81. Frossard E, Bucher M, Mächler F, Mozafar A, Hurrell RF. Potential for increasing the content and bioavailability of Fe, Zn and Ca in plants for human nutrition. J Sci Food Agric. 2000;80(7):861-79. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(20000515)80:7%3C861::AID-JSFA601%3E3.3.CO;2-G
  82. Yang Y, Xie J, Li J, Zhang J, Zhang X, Yao Y, Wang C, et al. Trehalose alleviates salt tolerance by improving photosynthetic performance and maintaining mineral ion homeostasis in tomato plants. Front Plant Sci. 2022;13:974507. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.974507
  83. Tangahu BV, Sheikh Abdullah SR, Basri H, Idris M, Anuar N, Mukhlisin M. A review on heavy metals (As, Pb, and Hg) uptake by plants through phytoremediation. Int J Chem Eng. 2011;2011:939161. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/939161
  84. Alamo-Nole L, Su YF. Translocation of cadmium in Ocimum basilicum at low concentration of CdSSe nanoparticles. Appl Mater Today. 2017;9:314-318. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40201-022-00822-1
  85. Bolan NS, Park JH, Robinson B, Naidu R, Huh KY. Phytostabilization: a green approach to contaminant containment. Adv Agron. 2011;112:145-204. Available from: https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/phytostabilization-a-green-approach-to-contaminant-containment
  86. Thirkell TJ. The influence of nitrogen source on the nutrition of arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. University of York; 2016. Available from: https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17272/1/Thomas%20James%20Thirkell%20Thesis%20-%20corrected.pdf
  87. Nwoko CO. Trends in phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants. Afr J Biotechnol. 2010;9(37):6010-6016. Available from: https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJB/article-full-text-pdf/894CB7C20320
  88. Asati A, Pichhode M, Nikhil K. Effect of heavy metals on plants: an overview. Int J Appl Innov Eng Manag. 2016;5(3):56-66. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohnish-Pichhode/publication/336148391_Effect_of_Heavy_Metals_on_Plants_An_Overview/links/5d92ef25299bf10cff1cd4af/Effect-of-Heavy-Metals-on-Plants-An-Overview.pdf
  89. Wang W. Literature review on higher plants for toxicity testing. Water Air Soil Pollut. 1991;59:381-400. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00211845
  90. Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2014;7(2):60-72. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fintox-2014-0009
  91. Ivanov V, Zhukovskaya N. Effect of heavy metals on root growth and the use of roots as test objects. Russ J Plant Physiol. 2021;68. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1021443721070049
  92. Sharma P, Jha AB, Dubey RS, Pessarakli M. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. J Bot. 2012;2012:1-26. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/217037
  93. Sárvári É. Effect of Cd on the iron re-supply-induced formation of chlorophyll-protein complexes in cucumber. Acta Biol Szeged. 2008;52(1):183-186. Available from: https://abs.bibl.u-szeged.hu/index.php/abs/article/view/2618
  94. Pandhair V, Sekhon BS. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in plants: an overview. J Plant Biochem Biotechnol. 2006;15:71-78. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03321907
  95. Huang Z-C, Chen T-B, Lei M, Liu Y-R, Hu T-D. Difference of toxicity and accumulation of methylated and inorganic arsenic in arsenic-hyperaccumulating and-hypertolerant plants. Environ Sci Technol. 2008;42(14):5106-5111. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/es703243h
  96. Abbas G, Murtaza B, Bibi I, Shahid M, Niazi NK, Khan MI, et al. Arsenic uptake, toxicity, detoxification, and speciation in plants: physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(1):59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph15010059
  97. Shen S, Li X-F, Cullen WR, Weinfeld M, Le X-C. Arsenic binding to proteins. Chem Rev. 2013;113(10):7769-7792. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr300015c
  98. Sharma P, Jha AB, Dubey RS, Pessarakli M. Reactive oxygen species generation, hazards, and defense mechanisms in plants under environmental (abiotic and biotic) stress conditions. In: Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology. CRC Press; 2021; 617-658. Available from: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003093640-37/reactive-oxygen-species-generation-hazards-defense-mechanisms-plants-environmental-abiotic-biotic-stress-conditions-pallavi-sharma-ambuj-bhushan-jha-rama-shanker-dubey-mohammad-pessarakli
  99. Tiwari AK. Imbalance in antioxidant defence and human diseases: multiple approach of natural antioxidants therapy. Curr Sci. 2001;81(11):1179-1187. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24106434
  100. Suzuki N, Rivero RM, Shulaev V, Blumwald E, Mittler R. Abiotic and biotic stress combinations. New Phytol. 2014;203(1):32-43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12797
  101. Anjum SA, Tanveer M, Hussain S, Shahzad B, Ashraf U, Fahad S, et al. Osmoregulation and antioxidant production in maize under combined cadmium and arsenic stress. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2016;23:11864-11875. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6382-1
  102. Sytar O, Kumar A, Latowski D, Kuczynska P, Strzałka K, Prasad MNV. Heavy metal-induced oxidative damage, defense reactions, and detoxification mechanisms in plants. Acta Physiol Plant. 2013;35:985-999. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11738-012-1169-6
  103. Anjum NA, Hasanuzzaman M, Hossain MA, Thangavel P, Roychoudhury A, Gill SS, et al. Jacks of metal/metalloid chelation trade in plants—an overview. Front Plant Sci. 2015;6:192. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2015.00192
  104. Maiti S, Ghosh N, Mandal C, Das K, Dey N, Adak MK. Responses of the maize plant to chromium stress with reference to antioxidation activity. Braz J Plant Physiol. 2012;24:203-212. Available from: https://www.scielo.br/j/bjpp/a/Q6jyyh7cptjfCVWYBYzqcth/?format=pdf&lang=en

Figures:

Similar Articles

  • A Review on Heavy Metals in Ecosystems, Their Sources, Roles, and Impact on Plant Life
    Humaira Aslam, Ali Umar, Misbah Ullah Khan*, Shehla Honey, Aman Ullah, Muhammad Ahsan Ashraf, Ghulam Ayesha, Nazia Nusrat, M Jamil, Shahid Khan and Adeel Abid Humaira Aslam, Ali Umar, Misbah Ullah Khan*, Shehla Honey, Aman Ullah, Muhammad Ahsan Ashraf, Ghulam Ayesha, Nazia Nusrat, M Jamil, Shahid Khan, Adeel Abid. A Review on Heavy Metals in Ecosystems, Their Sources, Roles, and Impact on Plant Life. . 2024 doi: 10.29328/journal.jgmgt.1001012; 7: 020-034

Recently Viewed

Read More

Most Viewed

Read More

Help ?