Since the discovery of the dystrophin gene (DMD gene) thirty years ago, several therapeutic approaches have been investigated to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This includes cell therapy, exon jumping, exonic knockout, and the CinDel method. In this article, we present the challenges of developping a treatment for DMD and the advances of these various approaches. We included the new CRISPR-Cas9 system, which permits not only major progress in the development of new treatments based on genome editing but also the production of new animal models.
Gene therapy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, CRISPR/Cas9, Animal model
References
Consortium, IHGS (2004). Nature 431: 931-945.
Consortium, TEP (2012). Nature 489: 45-77.
Kunkel L, Hejtmancik J, Caskey C, Speer A, Monaco AP, et al. Analysis of deletions in DNA from patients with Becker and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nature. 1986; 322: 73-77. Ref.: https://goo.gl/MtkNij
Bodrug SE, Ray PN, Gonzalez IL, Schmickel RD, Sylvester JE, et al. Molecular analysis of à constitutional X-autosome translocation in a female with muscular dystrophy. Science.1987; 237: 1620-1624. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XC8UBR
Hoffman EP, Brown RH Jr, Kunkel LM. Dystrophin: the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus. Cell. 1987; 51: 919-928. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Mvt6Xz
Hoffman EP, Fischbeck KH, Brown RH, Johnson M, Medori R, et al. Characterization of dystrophin in muscle biopsy specimens from patients with Duchenne’s or Becker’s muscular dystrophy. N Engl J Med.1988; 318: 1363-1368. Ref.: https://goo.gl/iACqAb
Partridge TA, Grounds M, Sloper JC. Evidence of fusion between host and donor myoblasts in skeletal muscle grafts. Nature. 1978; 273: 306-308. Ref.: https://goo.gl/eBeWSs
Skuk D. Myoblast transplantation for inherited myopathies: a clinical approach. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2004; 4: 1871-1885. Ref.: https://goo.gl/g7ct6W
Mendell JR, Campbell K, Rodino‐Klapac L, Sahenk Z, Shilling C, et al. Dystrophin immunity in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363: 1429-1437. Ref.: https://goo.gl/E1YG6t
van Deutekom, Janson AA, Ginjaar IB, Frankhuizen WS, Aartsma-Rus A, et al. Local dystrophin restoration with antisens oligonucléotides PRO051. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357 : 2677-2686. Ref.: https://goo.gl/o9btPx
Voit T, Topaloglu H, Straub V, Muntoni F, Deconinck N, et al. Safety and efficacy of drisapersen for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DEMAND II): an exploratory, randomised, placebo‐controlled phase 2 study. Lancet Neurol. 2014; 13: 987-996. Ref.: https://goo.gl/kJAv3X
Gouble A, Smith J, Bruneau S, Perez C, Guyot V, et al. Efficient in toto targeted recombination in mouse liver by meganuclease-induced double-strand break. J Gene Med. 2006; 8: 616-622. Ref.: https://goo.gl/fv4nKV
Kim YG, Cha J, Chandrasegaran S. Hybrid restriction enzymes: zinc finger fusions to Fok I cleavage domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996; 93: 1156-1160. Ref.: https://goo.gl/adR8MB
Jinek M, Chvlinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, et al. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012; 337: 816-821. Ref.: https://goo.gl/CmHA49
Watt DJ, Lambert K, Morgan JE. Incorporation of donor muscle precursor cell into an area of muscle generation in the host mouse. J neurol Sci. 1982; 57: 319-331.
Lipton BH, Schultz E. Developmental faite of skeletal muscle satellite cells. Science. 1979; 205: 1292-1294. Ref.: https://goo.gl/jy1GiZ
Yao SN, Kurachi K. Implanted myoblasts not fuse with myofibers but also survive as muscle precursor cells. J Cell Sci. 1993; 105: 957-963. Ref.: https://goo.gl/8DDr6R
Skuk D. Cell Transplantation and ‘‘Stem Cell Therapy’’ in the treatment of myopathies: many promises in mice, few realities in humans. Hindawi Publishing Corporation ISRN Transplantation. 2011; 25.
Zheng B, Cao B, Crisan M, Sun B, Li G, et al. Prospective identification of myogenic endothelial cells in human skeletal muscle. Nature Biotechnology. 2007; 25: 1025-1034. Ref.: https://goo.gl/u1gywA
Sampaolesi M, Blot S, D’Antona G, Granger M, Tonlorenzi R, et al. Mesoangioblast stem cells ameliorate muscle function in dystrophic dogs. Nature. 2013; 494. Ref.: https://goo.gl/z9h9Hy
Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen CW, Corselli M, et al. A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell. 2008; 3: 301-313. Ref.: https://goo.gl/FJVRMZ
Benchaouir R, Meregalli M, Farini A, D’Antona G, Belicchi M, et al. Restoration of human dystrophin following transplantation of exon-skipping engineered DMD patient stem cells into dystrophic mice. Cell Stem Cell. 2007; 1: 646-657. Ref.: https://goo.gl/uRsuCx
Vauchez K, Marolleau J, Schmid M, Khattar P, Chapel A, et al. Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity identifies a population of human skeletal muscle cells with high myogenic capacities. Molecular therapy, 2009; 17: 1948-1958. Ref.: https://goo.gl/td98pa
Mitchell KJ, Pannerec A, Cabot B, Parlakian A, Besson V, et al. Identification and characterization of à non-satellite cell muscle resident progenitor during postnatal development. Nature Cell Biology. 2010; 12: 257-266. Ref.: https://goo.gl/BjVqCZ
Liadaki K, Casar JC, WMe. Beta-4-integrin marks interstitial myogenic progenitor cells in adult murine skeletal muscle, Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 2012; 60: 31-44.
Skuk D, Goulet M, Roy B, Chapdelaine P, Bouchard JP, et al. Dystrophin expression in muscles of Duchenne muscular patients after high-density injection of normal myogenic cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2006; 65: 371-386. Ref.: https://goo.gl/iBPfD2
Lazerges C, Daussin PA, Coulet B, Boudbaker el Andalousi R, Micallef JP, et al. Transplantation of primary satellite cells improves properties of reinnervated skeletal muscles. Muscle Nerve. 2004; 29: 218-226. Ref.: https://goo.gl/W3VRyf
Skuk D, Tremblay JP. Intramuscular cell transplantation as a potential treatment of myopathies: clinical and preclinical relevant data. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2011; 11: 359-374. Ref.: https://goo.gl/3bxS1u
Irintchev A, Langer M, Zweyer M, Theisen R, Wemig A. Functional improvement of damaged adult mouse muscle by implantation of primary myoblasts. J physiol. 1997; 1500: 775-785. Ref.: https://goo.gl/u5wJsw
Wernig A, Zweyer M, Irintchev A. Function of skeletal muscle tissue formed after transplantation indo irradiated mouse muscles. J Physiol. 2000; 522: 333-345. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7RkSwF
Torrente Y, Belicchi M, Sampaolesi M, Pisati F, Meregalli M, et al. Human circulating AC133+ stem cells restore dystrophin expression and ameliorate function in dystrophic skeletal muscle, Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2004; 114: 182-195. Ref.: https://goo.gl/WQpNGc
Hardiman O, Sklar RM, Brown HR Jr. Direct effects of cyclosporin A and cyclophosphamide on differentiation of normal human myoblasts in culture. Neurology. 1993; 43: 1432-1434. Ref.: https://goo.gl/dQY6U7
Kinoshita I, Vilquin JT, Guerette B, Asselin I, Roy R, et al. Very efficient myoblast allotransplantation in mice under FK506 immunosuppression. Muscle & Nerve. 1994; 17: 1407-1415. Ref.: https://goo.gl/swTnwK
Chandrasekharan D, Issa F, Wood KJ. Achieving operational tolerance in transplantation: how can lessons from the clinic inform research directions?. Transplant International. 2013; 26 : 576-589. Ref.: https://goo.gl/jWEoxX
Arpke, Darabi R, Mader TL, Zhang Y, Toyama A, et al. A new immuno- dystrophin-deficient model, the NSG-mdx(4Cv) mouse, provides evidence for functional improvement following allogeneic satellite cell transplantation. Stem cells. 2013; 31: 1611-1620. Ref.: https://goo.gl/2SrqUy
Fukada S, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y, Tsukihara H, Yausa K, Higuchi S, et al. Muscle regeneration by reconstitution with bone marrow or fetal liver cells from green fluorescent protein-gene transgenic mice. J Cell Sci. 2002; 115: 1285-1293. Ref.: https://goo.gl/dJ1Yn3
Partridge TA, Morgan JE, Coulton GR, Hoffman EP, Kunkel LM. Conversion of mdx myofibres from dystrophin-negative to -positive by injection of normal myoblasts. Nature. 1989; 337: 176-179. Ref.: https://goo.gl/BNw5ic
Traggiai E, Chicha L, Mazzucchelli L, Bronz L, Piffaretti JC, et al. Development of a human adaptive immune system in cord blood cell-transplanted mice. Science. 2004; 304: 104-107. Ref.: https://goo.gl/yYFWMx
El Fahime E, Mills P, Lafreniere JF, Torrente Y, Tremblay JP. The urokinase plasminogen activator: an interesting way to improve myoblast migration following their transplantation. Exp Cell Res. 2002; 280: 169-178. Ref.: https://goo.gl/nxGa13
Ferraro E, Cecconi F. Autophagic and apoptic response to stress signals in mammalian cells. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2007; 462: 210-219. Ref.: https://goo.gl/QqBjpc
Koenig M, Monaco AP, Kunkel LM. The complete sequence of dystrophin predicts a rod-shaped cytoskeletal protein. Cell. 1988; 53: 219-228. Ref.: https://goo.gl/cG9dnz
Cohen C, Parry A D. a-helical coiled coils; à widespread motif in proteins. Trends Biochem Sci. 1986; 11: 245-248.
AE, E (1990). Dystrophin function. Lancet 335: 1289.
Outersrout DG, Kabadi AM, Majoros WH, Reddy TE, Thakore PI, et al. Multiplex CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing for correction of dystrophin mutations that cause Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nat Commun. 2015; 6:6244. Ref.: https://goo.gl/wRi4wk
Bladen CL, Salgado D, Monges S, Foncuberta ME, Kekou K, et al. The TREAT‐NMD DMD Global Database: analysis of more than 7,000 Duchenne muscular dystrophy mutations. Hum Mutat. 2015; 36: 395-402. Ref.: https://goo.gl/1BTyPF
McGreevy JW, Hakim CH, McIntosh MA, Duan D. Animal models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: from basic mechanisms to gene therapy. Dis Model Mech. 2015; 8: 195-213. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Ric8Wq
Lai Y, Thomas GD, Yue Y, Yang HT, Li D, et al. Dystrophins carrying spectrin-like repeats 16 and 17 anchor nNOS to the sarcolemma and enhance exercise performance in a mouse model of muscular dystrophy. J Clin Invest. 2009; 119: 624-635. Ref.: https://goo.gl/5bvFdS
Hoffman E. Genotype/phenotype correlations in Duchenne/Becker dystrophy. Mol Cell Biol Hum Dis Ser. 1993; 3: 12-36. Ref.: https://goo.gl/GR1aVE
England SB, Nicholson LV, Johnson MA, Forrest SM, Love DR, et al. Very mild muscular dystrophy associated with the deletion of 46% of dystrophin. Nature. 1990; 343: 180-182. Ref.: https://goo.gl/EsyThj
Hayashita‐Kinoh H, Yugeta N, Okada H, Nitahara‐Kasahara Y, Chiyo T, et al. Intra‐amniotic rAAV‐mediated microdystrophin gene transfer improves canine X‐linked muscular dystrophy and may induce immune tolerance. Mol Ther. 2015; 23: 627-637. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ZeeCDD
Harper SQ, Hauser MA, DelloRusso C, Duan D, Crawford RW, et al. Modular flexibility of dystrophin: implications for gene therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nat Med. 2002; 8: 253-261. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Aty4cb
Malik V, Rodino‐Klapac LR, Viollet L, Wall C, King W, et al. Gentamicin‐induced readthrough of stop codons in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Ann Neurol. 2010; 67: 771-780. Ref.: https://goo.gl/KjGncc
Aartsma-Rus A, van Ommen GJ. Antisense-mediated exon skipping: A versatile tool with therapeutic and research applications. RNA. 2007; 13: 1609-1624. Ref.: https://goo.gl/THGt6o
Dunkley MG, Manoharan M, Villiet P, Eperon IC, Dickson G. Modification of splicing in the dystrophin gene in cultured mdx muscle cells by antisenses oligoribonucleotides. Hum mol Genet. 1998; 7: 1083-1090. Ref.: https://goo.gl/KB9fSM
van Deutekom JC, Bremmer‐Bout M, Janson AA, Ginjaar IB, Baas F, et al. Antisense‐induced exon skipping restores dystrophin expression in DMD patient derived muscle cells. Hum Mol Genet. 2001; 10: 1547-1554. Ref.: https://goo.gl/gJUPGS
Kinali M, Arechavala‐Gomeza V, Feng L, Cirak S, Hunt D, et al. Local restoration of dystrophin expression with the morpholino oligomer AVI‐4658 in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a single‐blind, placebo‐controlled, dose‐escalation, proof‐of‐concept study. Lancet Neurol. 2009; 8: 918-928. Ref.: https://goo.gl/rMgxds
Mendell JR, Rodino‐Klapac LR, Sahenk Z, Roush K, Bird L, et al. Eteplirsen for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Ann Neurol. 2013; 74: 637-647. Ref.: https://goo.gl/TkUMi8
http://www.gsk.com
Goyenvalle A, Vulin A, Fougerousse F, Leturcq F, Kaplan JC, et al. Rescue of dystrophic muscle through U7 snRNA‐mediated exon skipping. Science. 2004; 306: 1796-1799. Ref.: https://goo.gl/WBj2PP
Goyenvalle A, Griffith G, Babbs A, EI Andaloussi S, Ezzat K, et al. Functional correction in mouse models of muscular dystrophy using exon‐skipping tricyclo‐DNA oligomers. Nat Med. 2015; 21: 270-275. Ref.: https://goo.gl/wT3Dbe
Béroud C, Tuffery‐Giraud S, Matsuo M, Hamroun D, Humbertclaude V, et al. Multiexon skipping leading to an artificial DMD protein lacking amino acids from exons 45 through 55 could rescue up to 63% of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Hum Mutat. 2007; 28: 196-202. Ref.: https://goo.gl/1burBb
Stamler JS, Meissner G. Physiology of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle. Physiol Rev. 2001; 81: 209-237. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LtpbR8
Bredt DS. Endogenous nitric oxide synthesis: biological functions and pathophysiology. Free Radic Res. 1999; 31: 577-596. Ref.: https://goo.gl/sZN9wb
Heydemann, AaM E. NO more muscle fatigue. J Clin Invest. 2009; 119: 448-450.
Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual‐RNA‐guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012; 337: 816-821. Ref.: https://goo.gl/rwQsCi
Jarmin S, Kymalainen H, Popplewell L, Dickson G. New development in the use of gene therapy to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2014; 14: 209-230. Ref.: https://goo.gl/VaJhWC
Popplewell L, Koo T, Leclerc X, Duclert A, Mamchaoui K, et al. Gene correction of a duchenne muscular dystrophy mutation by meganuclease-enhanced exon knock-in. Hum Gene Ther. 2013; 24: 692-701. Ref.: https://goo.gl/c9sTMY
Ousterout D, Kabadi AM, Thakore PI, Perez-Pinera P, Brown M, et al. Correction of Dystrophin Expression in Cells From Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients Through Genomic Excision of Exon 51 by Zinc Finger Nucleases. Mol Ther. 2015; 23: 523-532. Ref.: https://goo.gl/MzTxtF
Li HL, Fujimoto N, Sasakawa N, Shirai S, Ohkame T, et al. Precise correction of the dystrophin gene in duchenne muscular dystrophy patient induced pluripotent stem cell by TALENs and CRISPR-Cas9. Stem Cell Reports. 2015; 4: 134-154. Ref.: https://goo.gl/DpDtH7
Chevalier B, Sussman D, Otis C, Noel AJ, Turmel M, et al. Metal-dependent DNA cleavage mechanism of the I-CreI LAGLIDADG homing endonuclease. Biochemistry. 2004; 43: 14015-14026. Ref.: https://goo.gl/FdVeL1
Grizot S, Epinat JC, Thomas S, Duclert A, Rolland S, et al. Generation of redesigned homing endonucleases comprising DNA-binding domains derived from two different scaffolds. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010; 38: 2006-2018. Ref.: https://goo.gl/6NFHwf
Silva G, Poirot L, Galetto R, Smith J, Montoya G, et al. Meganucleases and other tools for targeted genome engineering: perspectives and challenges for gene therapy. Curr Gene Ther. 2011; 11: 11-27. Ref.: https://goo.gl/vM98zr
Chapdelaine P, Pichavant C, Rousseau J, Pâques F, Tremblay JP. Meganucleases can restore the reading frame of a mutated dystrophin. Gene Ther. 2010; 17: 846-858. Ref.: https://goo.gl/QV9mrz
Klug A. The discovery of Zinc Fingers and their applications in gene regulation and genome manipulation. Annu Rev Biochem. 2010; 79: 213-231. Ref.: https://goo.gl/MSdK7H
Kim YG, Li L, Chandrasegaran S. Insertion and deletion mutants of FokI restriction endonuclease. J Biol Chem. 1994; 269: 31978-31982. Ref.: https://goo.gl/cixgTn
Doyon Y, Vo TD, Mendel MC, Greenberg SG, Wang J, et al. Enhancing zinc-finger-nuclease activity with improved obligate heterodimeric architectures. Nat Methods. 2011; 8: 74-79. Ref.: https://goo.gl/stXgXs
Miller JC, Holmes MC, Wang J, Guschin DY, Lee YL, et al. An improved zinc-finger nuclease architecture for highly specific genome editing. Nat Biotechnol. 2007; 25: 778-785. Ref.: https://goo.gl/i6fbF8
Szczepek M, Brondani V, Buchel J, Serrano L, Segal DJ, et al. Structure-based redesign of the dimerization interface reduces the toxicity of zinc-finger nucleases. Nat Biotechnol. 2007; 25: 786-793. Ref.: https://goo.gl/z4UxSJ
Anguela XM, Sharma R, Doyon Y, Miller JC, Li H, et al. Robust ZFN-mediated genome editing in adule hemophilic mice. Blood.2013; 122: 3283-3287. Ref.: https://goo.gl/NZvMJe
Mussolino C, Cathomen T. TALE nucleases: tailored genome engineering made easy. Curr Opin Biotechnol.2012; 23: 1-7. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ajCo7C
Boch J, Scholze H, Schornack S, Landgraf A, Hahn S, et al. Breaking the code of DNA binding specificity of TAL-type III effectors. Science. 2009; 326: 1509-1512. Ref.: https://goo.gl/etRHCy
Moscou MJ, Bogdanove AJ. A simple cipher governs DNA recognition by TAL effectors. Science. 2009; 326: 1501. Ref.: https://goo.gl/iZLHkR
Bogdanove AJ, Schornack S, Lahaye T. TAL effectors: finding plant genes for disease and defense. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2010; 13: 394-401. Ref.: https://goo.gl/EpYj2E
Hisano Y, Ota S, Arakawa K, Muraki M, Kono N, et al. Quantitative assay for TALEN activity at endogenous genomic loci. Biol Open. 2013; 2: 363-367. Ref.: https://goo.gl/VEi2Ev
Ousterout DG, Perez-Pinera P, Thakore PI, Kabadi AM, Brown MT, et al. Reading frame correction by targeted genome editing restores dystrophin expression in cells from Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Mol Ther. 2013; 21: 1718-1726. Ref.: https://goo.gl/my1vk1
Jinek M, East A, Cheng A, Lin S, Ma E, et al. RNA-programmed genome editing in human Cells. ELife. 2013; 2. Ref.: https://goo.gl/a964dZ
Cong L, Ran FA, Cox D, Lin S, Barretto R, et al. Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems. Science. 2013; 339: 819-823. Ref.: https://goo.gl/gQMiSy
Doudna J, Charpentier E. Genome editing. The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9. Science. 2014; 346: Ref.: https://goo.gl/Pg9LmR
Sander JD, Joung JK. CRISPR-Cas systems for editing, regulating and targeting genomes. Nat Biotechnol. 2014; 32: 347-355. Ref.: https://goo.gl/26DN9d
Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, et al. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science. 2013; 339: 823-826. Ref.: https://goo.gl/1nBQCh
Cho S, Kim S, Kim JK, Kim JS. Targeted genome engineering in human cells with the Cas9 RNA-guided endonuclease. Nat Biotechnol. 2013; 31: 230-232. Ref.: https://goo.gl/uSPnNX
Zetsche B, Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO, Slaymaker IM, Makarova KS, et al. Cpf1 Is a Single RNA-Guided Endonuclease of a Class 2 CRISPR-Cas System. Cell. 2015; 163: 1-13. Ref.: https://goo.gl/SJmEB3
Ran FA, Cong L, Yan WX, Scott DA, Gootenberg JS, et al. In vivo genome editing using Staphylococcus aureus Cas9. Nature. 2015; 520: 186-191. Ref.: https://goo.gl/t3uR9f
Kim E, Koo T, Park SW, Kim D, Kim K, et al. In vivo genome editing with a small Cas9 orthologue derived from Campylobacter jejuni. Nat Commun. 2017; 8: Ref.: https://goo.gl/osgJzU
Zheng Q, Cai X, Tan M, Schaffert S, Arnold C, et al. Precise gene deletion and replacement using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in human cells. Biotechniques. 2014; 57: 115-124. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LgZzML
Bengtsson NE, Hall JK, Odom GL, Phelps MP, Andrus CR, et al. Muscle-specific CRISPR/Cas9 dystrophin gene editing ameliorates pathophysiology in a mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nat Commun. 2017; 8: Ref.: https://goo.gl/VbqZeq
Tabebordbar M, Zhu K, Cheng JKW, Chew WL, Widrick JJ, et al. In vivo gene editing in dystrophic mouse muscle and muscle stem cells. Science. 2015; 35: 407-411. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qLqCG8
Nelson CE, Hakim CH, Ousterout DG, Thakore PI, Moreb EA, et al. In vivo genome editing imporves muscle function in a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Science.2015; 350: 403-407. Ref.: https://goo.gl/8z98NS
Long C, Amoasii L, Mireault AA, McAnally JR, Li H, et al. Postnatal genome editing partially restores dystrophin expression in a mouse model of muscular dystrophy. Science. 2016; 351: 400-403. Ref.: https://goo.gl/DpbqgY
Nicolas A, Raguénès-Nicol C, Ben Yaou R, Ameziane-Le Hir S, Chéron A. Becker muscular dystrophy severity is linked to the structure of dystrophin. Hum Mol Genet. 2015; 24: 1267-1279. Ref.: https://goo.gl/vgcWbq
Iyombe-Engembe JP, Ouellet DL, Barbeau X, Rousseau J, Chapdelaine P, et al. Efficient restoration of the dystrophin gene reading frame and protein structure in DMD myoblasts using the CinDel method. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2016; 5: e283. Ref.: https://goo.gl/dzBUqc
Tremblay JP, Iyombe-Engembe JP, Duchêne B, Ouellet DL. Gene Editing for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using the CRISPR/Cas9 Technology: The Importance of Fine-tuning the Approach. Mol Ther. 2016; 24: 1888-1889. Ref.: https://goo.gl/5qTD6i
Farboud B, Meyer BJ. Dramatic enhancement of genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9 through improved guide RNA design. Genetics. 2015; 199: 959-971. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qPtn3i
http://www.askbio.comm
http://www.ptcbio.com
Bushby K, Finkel R, Wong B, Barohn R, Campbell C, et al. Ataluren treatment of patients with nonsense mutation dystrophinopathy. Muscle Nerve.2014; 50: 477-487. Ref.: https://goo.gl/96tuKV
Bulfield C, Siller WG, Wight PA, Moore KJ. X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1984; 1: 1189-1192. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LFz1gt
Matsumura K, Ervasti JM, Ohlendieck K, Kahl SD, Campbell KP. Association of dystrophin-related protein with dystrophin-associated proteins in mdx mouse muscle. Nature. 1992; 360: 588-591. Ref.: https://goo.gl/xSyP6r
Sacco A, Mourkioti F, Tran R, Choi J, Llewellyn M, et al. Short telomeres and stem cell exhaustion model Duchenne muscular dystrophy in mdx/mTR mice. Cell.2010; 143: 1059-1071. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Li97aB
Chandrasekharan K, Yoon JH, Xu Y, deVries S, Camboni M, et al. A human-specific deletion in mouse Cmah increases disease severity in the mdx model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Sci Transl Med. 2010; 2: Ref.: https://goo.gl/ksFNWv
Bodor M, McDonald CM. Why short stature is beneficial in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve. 2013; 48: 336-342. Ref.: https://goo.gl/vQFJpG
Hoen PA, de Meijer EJ, Boer JM, Vossen RH, Turk R, et al. Generation and Characterization of Transgenic Mice with the Full-length Human DMD Gene. J Biol Chem. 2008; 283: 5899-5907. Ref.: https://goo.gl/yELG4v
INNES JR. Myopathies in animals; a record of some cases including progressive muscular dystrophy (pseudo-hypertrophic) (dog), “weisses Fleisch” (lamb), neuropathic muscular atrophy (sheep) and lymphocytic/histiocytic myositis, neuritis, radiculitis (dog). Br Vet J. 1951; 107: 131-143. Ref.: https://goo.gl/UXKGKh
Sharp NJ, Kornegay JN, Van Camp SD, Herbstreith MH, Secore SL, et al. An error in dystrophin mRNA processing in golden retriever muscular dystrophy, an animal homologue of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Genomics. 1992; 13: 115-121. Ref.: https://goo.gl/QCSR8f
Cooper BJ, Valentine BA, Wilson S, Patterson DF, Concannon PW. Canine muscular dystrophy: confirmation of X-linked inheritance. J Hered. 1988; 79: 405-408. Ref.: https://goo.gl/rPTEK1
Walmsley GL, Arechavala-Gomeza V, Fernandez-Fuente M, Burke MM, Nagel N, et al. A Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene hot spot mutation in dystrophin-deficient Cavalier King Charles spaniels is amenable to exon 51 skipping. PLoS One. 2010; 5: e8647. Ref.: https://goo.gl/iwbE3Y
Nakamura K, Fuji W, Tsuboi M, Tanihata J, Teramoto N, et al. Generation of muscular dystrophy rat with CRISPR/Cas system. Sci Rep. 2014; 4: Ref.: https://goo.gl/KZNHY8
Larcher T, Lafoux A, Tesson L, Remy S, Thepenier V, et al. Characterization of dystrophin deficient rats : a new model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Plos One. 2014; 9: e110371. Ref.: https://goo.gl/kMuk87
Chen Y, Zheng Y, Kang Y, Yang W, Niu Y, et al. Functional disruption of the dystrophin gene in rhesus monkey using CRISPR/Cas9. Hum Mol Genet.2015; 24: 3764-3774. Ref.: https://goo.gl/y7uuSG
Klymiuk N, Blutke A, Graf A, Krause S, Burkhardt K, et al. Dystrophin-deficient pigs provide new insights into hierarchy of physiology derangements of dystrophic muscle. Hum Mol Genet. 2013;22: 4368-4382. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LnqtKi
Brian N Paulson*, Amy L Hayes, Stacey C Lilley, Brad A Imhoff and Charlotte A Crosland*Brian N Paulson*, Amy L Hayes, Stacey C Lilley, Brad A Imhoff, Charlotte A Crosland*. The Lived Experiences of Addiction Counselors and Applications for Building Resiliency. J Addict Ther Res. 2024: doi: 10.29328/journal.jatr.1001031; 8: 024-034
Ekpenyong CE*, Patrick ES and Akpan KSEkpenyong CE*,Patrick ES,Akpan KS. Changes in Serum Markers of Atherogenesis and Hematological Profile after the consumption of Quail eggs. Arch Food Nutr Sci. 2017: doi: 10.29328/journal.afns.1001001; 1: 001-011
Siddhartha Saha*Siddhartha Saha*. Percutaneous Closure of Post-myocardial Infarction Ventricular Septal Rupture-experience From a Resource-limited Setup From Eastern Part of India. J Cardiol Cardiovasc Med. 2024: doi: 10.29328/journal.jccm.1001184; 9: 087-092
Gehan Magdy*, Sahar Hamdy Azab, Yasmin Ali Esmail and Mohamed Khalid ElfakyGehan Magdy*, Sahar Hamdy Azab, Yasmin Ali Esmail, Mohamed Khalid Elfaky. Value of Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Prediction of Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling in Patients with Chronic total Occlusion Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. J Cardiol Cardiovasc Med. 2023: doi: 10.29328/journal.jccm.1001170; 8: 164-170
H Pérez-Aguilar*, M Lacruz-Asaro and F Arán-AisH Pérez-Aguilar*, M Lacruz-Asaro, F Arán-Ais. Evaluation of Biostimulants Based on Recovered Protein Hydrolysates from Animal By-products as Plant Growth Enhancers. J Plant Sci Phytopathol. 2023 doi: 10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001104; 7: 042-047
Julian A Purrinos* and Ramzi YounisJulian A Purrinos*, Ramzi Younis. Sinonasal Myxoma Extending into the Orbit in a 4-Year Old: A Case Presentation. Arch Case Rep. 2024 doi: 10.29328/journal.acr.1001099; 8: 075-077
Denis Tonini, Kai Wu, Renata Saha and Jian-Ping Wang*Denis Tonini,Kai Wu,Renata Saha,Jian-Ping Wang*. Feasibility study of magnetic sensing for detecting single-neuron action potentials. Ann Biomed Sci Eng. 2022 doi: 10.29328/journal.abse.1001018; 6: 019-029
Khashayar Maroufi*Khashayar Maroufi*. Physical activity can change the physiological and psychological circumstances during COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review. J Sports Med Ther. 2021 doi: 10.29328/journal.jsmt.1001051; 6: 001-007
I would like to thank JPRA for taking this decision. I understand the effort it represents for you. I'm truly happy to have the paper published in JPRA. And I'll certainly consider JPRA for my next publications as I was satisfied of the service provided, the efficiency and promptness of the interactions we had.
Emmanuel BUSATO
Publishing with the International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology was a rewarding experience as review process was thorough and brisk.
Their visibility online is second to none as their published articles appear in all search engines.
I will encourage researchers to publish with them.
Elizabeth Awoyesuku
“The choice to submit the forensic case study to the Journal of Addiction Therapy and Research was dictated by the match between the content and the potential readership. The publication process proved to be expedient and we were provided with constructive feedback from reviewers. The final article layout is attractive and conforms to standards. All-in-all, it has been a rewarding process.”
Elisabeth H Wiig
Archives of Vascular Medicine is one of the top class journal for vascular medicine with highly interesting topics.
You did a professional and great Job!
Elias Noory
Thank you very much. I think the review process and all of what concerns the administration of the publication concerning our paper has been excellent. The nice and quick answers have been very good I think.
Doris Nilsson
Journal of Pulmonary and Respiratory Research is good journal for respiratory research purposes. It takes 2-3 weeks maximum for review of the manuscript to get published and any corrections to be made in the manuscript. It needs good articles and studies to get publish in the respiratory medicine. I am really glad that this journal editors helped me to get my case report published.
Divya Khanduja
Thanks you and your colleague for the great help for our publication. You always provide prompt responses and high quality of service. I am so happy to have you working with me.
Thanks again!
Diana (Ding) Dai
Service and process were excellent as was the “look” of the article when published.
Deane Waldman
Great, thank you! It was very efficient working w/ your group. Very thorough reviews (i.e., plagiarism, peer, etc.). Would certainly recommend that future authors consider working w/ your group.
David W Brett
Your services are very good
Chukwuka Ireju Onyinye
I very much appreciate the humanitarian services provided in my stead by this journal/publisher.
It exhibits total absence of editorial impertinence. As an Author, I have been guided to have a fruitful experience.
The editorial care is highly commendable.
Chrysanthus Chukwuma
"An amazing experience with the Journal of Advanced Pediatrics and Child Health. Very fast blind review with pertinent corrections and suggestions. I highly recommand both the journal and the editor."
Chaimae Khairoun
The submission is very easy and the time from submission to response from the reviewers is short. Correspondence with the journal is nice and rapid.
Catrin Henriksson
The Clinical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology is an open access journal focused on scientific knowledge publication with emphasis laid on the fields of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Their services toward us have been encouraging through their kindness and respect. Great consideration has been given to us as young budding researchers and we are very grateful for this.
Carole Assontsa
During the process your positive communication, prompt feedback and professional approach is very highly appreciated.
We would like to thank you very much for your support.
Can Vuran
I do appreciate for your service including submission, analysis, review, editorial and publishing process. I believe these esteemed journal enlighten the science with its high-quality personel.
Bora Uysal
I am very much pleased with the fast track publication by your reputed journal's editorial team. It is really helpful for researchers like me from developing nations.
I strongly recommend your journal for publication.
Badri Kumar Gupta
It has been a fabulous journey writing articles for your journal because of the encouragement you people provide for writers from developing nations like India. Kindly continue the same. Looking forward for a long term association.
Badareesh Lakshminarayana
Many thanks for publishing my article in your great journal and the friendly and hassle-free publication process, the constructive peer-review, the regular feedback system, and the Quick response to any queries.
Azab Elsayed Azab
I would like to thank this journal for publishing my Research Article. Something I really appreciate about this journal is, they did not take much time from the day of Submission to the publishing date. Looking forward to have more publications in future.
Ayush Chandra
Submission of paper was smooth, the review process was fast. I had excellent communication and on time response from the editor.
Ayokunle Dada
Your service is very good and fast reply, also your service understand our situation and support us to publication our articles.
Ayman M Abu Mustafa
Really good service with prompt response. Looking forward to having long lasting relationship with your journal
Avishek Bagchi
Your service is excellent. Processing and editing were very fast. I hope to publish more of my works in your journal.
Ausraful Islam
I wanna to thank Clinical Journal of Nursing Care and Practice for its effort to review and publish my manuscript. This is reputable journal. Thank you!
Atsedemariam Andualem
“It was a delightful experience publishing my manuscript with the Clinical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. They offered me lots of opportunities I never had from most publishing houses and their prompt services are greatly appreciated.”
Asafo Jones
I hope to ability to make some new investigation and publish in Your Company in future.
Artur Stopyra
I like the quality of the print & overall service. The paper looks quite impressive. Hope this will attract interested readers. All of you have our best wishes for continued success.
Arshad Khan
Your big support from researchers around the world is the best appreciation from your scientific teams. We believe that there should be no barrier in science and you make it real and this motto come true.
Arefhosseinir Rafi
Your journal co-operation is very appreciable and motivational. I am really thankful to your journal and team members for the motivation and collaboration to publish my work.
Assistant Professor, UCLAS Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
Archna Dhasmana
I am glad to submit the article to Heighten Science Publications as it has a very smooth and fast peer-review process, which enables the researchers to communicate their work on time.
Anupam M
This is to specify that I have had an extensive and detailed interaction with the Editorial team of Annals of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, USA, lasting over a significant period of time. My interaction has been extremely pleasant, especially with Ms Allie Smith, as I find the communication quite inspiring and crystal clear. The attitude of aforesaid individuals is quite helpful and guiding in pertinent instances. It has been a commemorative journey so far working with the Journal and I hope that the symbiosis will continue, evolve and flourish in the forthcoming years.
I wish the journal, related personnel and aforementioned individuals a fruitful, successful run.
New Delhi, India
Anubha Bajaj
We appreciate the fact that you decided to give us full waiver for the applicable charges and approve the final version. You did an excellent job preparing the PDF version. Of course we will consider your magazine for our future submissions and we will pay the applicable fees then.
Anna Dionysopoulou
''Co-operation of Archives of Surgery and Clinical Research journal is appreciable. I'm impressed at the promptness of the publishing staff and the professionalism displayed. Thank you very much for your support, help and encouragement.''
Anıl Gokce
Congratulations for the excellence of your journal and high quality of its publications.
Angel MARTIN CASTELLANOS
The service from the journal staff has been excellent.
Andy Smith
I was very pleased with the quick editorial process. We are sure that our paper will have great visibility, among other things due to its open access. We believe in science accessible to all.
Anderson Fernando de Souza
It was a great experience publishing through JCICM. The article has reached out to several institutions. Appreciate your professional work. Hope to work with you again
Anas Wardeh
Publishing an article is a long process, but working with your publication department made things go smoothly, even though the process took exactly 5 months from the time of submitting the article till the time I have favourable response, the missing part is the peer review details, which is essential in self auditing and future improvement, overall experience was excellent giving your understanding of the situation of lack of financial institution support.
Anas Diab
I think that Heighpubs very good. You are very helpful. Thank you for everything.
Ana Ribeiro
Regarding to be services, we note that are work with high standards of professionalism translated into quick response, efficiency which makes communication accessible. Furthermore, I believe to be much inviting for the submission of future works for publication purposes.
Amélia João Alice Nkutxi
I would like to mention that I had a wonderful experience working with HSPI. The whole process right from manuscript submission to peer review till the publication of the article was very prompt & efficient. I wish you good luck for the future.
Amarjeet Gambhir
Once I submitted the manuscript, the response time of the reviewers was very fast. The fine-tuning of the galley proof was likewise prompt. I believe the journal provide a valuable outlet to disseminate physical rehabilitation scientific knowledge to the clinical community.
Respectfully.
Dr. Alon
Alon
We really appreciate and thanks the full waiver you provide for our article. We happy to publish our paper in your journal. Thank you very much for your good support and services.
Ali Abusafia
It was a real pleasure working with your team. The review was done fast, and it was very clear, the editing was flawless, the article was published quickly compared to other journals, and everyone was understanding and helpful. I will gladly recommend this journal to my acquaintances in academia.
Alexandra Cozma
To the editorial team at HSPI and the Journal of Clinical Nephrology:
Thank you so much for your hard work and collaboration in bringing our article to life. Your staff was responsive, flexible, and communicative and made the process smooth and easy. Thank you!
Alejandro Munoz
Dear colleagues! I am satisfied with our cooperation with you. Your service is at a high level. I hope for a future relationship. Let me know if I can get a paper version of the magazine with my articles from you. I see them on the Internet.
Aksenov V.V
"This is my first time publishing with the journal/publisher. I am impressed at the promptness of the publishing staff and the professionalism displayed. Thank you for encouraging young researchers like me!"
Ajite Kayode
I want to thank you for our collaboration. You were fast and effective with a positive spirit of teamwork.
I am truly excited from our collaboration. You were like always fast, efficient and accurate.
I hope that in the near future we will collaborate again.
Aikaterini Solomou
In my opinion, you provide a very fast and practical service.
Ahmet Eroglu
Great, We are too comfortable with the process including the peer review process and quality. But, the journal should be indexed in different databases such scopus.
Afework Edmealem
We really appreciate your efforts towards our article, the professional way you handle our request for exemption from charges.
It was a great honor for us to publish in your magazine.
Achraf elbakkaly
I really liked the ease of submitting my manuscript in the HSPI journal. Further, the peer review was timely completed and I was communicated the final decision on my manuscript within 10 days of submission which is really appreciable. I strongly recommend all the scientists and researchers to submit their work in this journal”
Abu Bashar
My candid opinion is that the service you render is second to none. My favourite part is the prompt response to issue, really i value that.
Abiodun Akanbi Adeogun
Thank you very much for accepting our manuscript in your journal “International Journal of Clinical Virology”. We are very thankful to the esteemed team for timely response and quick review process. The editorial team of International Journal of Clinical Virology is too cooperative and well-mannered during the publication process. We are hopeful to publish many quality papers in your journal and I suggest the International Journal of Clinical Virology to all of my colleagues, researchers and friends to publish their research here.
Abdul Baset
I, Muhammad Sarwar Khan, am serving as Editor on Archives of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (ABB). I submitted an editorial titled, 'Edible vaccines to combat Infectious Bursal Disease of poultry' for publication in ABB. After submitting the manuscript; the services rendered by the management and technical personnel to handle and process the manuscript were marvelous. Plagiarism report was shared with me with complements before reviewers' comments, All steps including article processing and service charges were well taken care of keeping in view the author's interest/preference. All together, it was an encouraging and wonderful experience working with ABB personnel.
University of Agriculture, Pakistan
Muhammad Sarwar Khan
Your journal has accomplished its intended mission of providing very effective and efficient goals in dealing with submissions, conducting the reviewing process and in publishing accepted manuscripts in a timely manner. Keep up the great work and services that you provide.
University of Jacqmar, Inc., USA
John St. Cyr
I am to express my view that Heighten Science Publications are reliable quick even after peer review process. I hope and wish the publications will go a long way in disseminating science to many interested in scientific research.
College of Fisheries, CAU(I), Tripura, India
Ajit Kumar Roy
The Journal Clinical Nephrology provides a good opportunity for readers to stay updated in the field of clinical nephrology. Additionally - it provides a good opportunity for authors to publish their work.
1. Publication of the accepted manuscripts is sufficiently rapid.
2. The trust factor between the journal and me, as an author, is very important and well preserved.
3. Peer review process very rapid and effective.
Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Israel
Leonid Feldman
In 2017, I submitted a manuscript to the journal Archives of Biotechnology and Biomedicine belonging to Heighten Science Publications Corporation. Within one week I already received the response from the editor. All processing steps were really fast so in terms of a speedy publication I can particularly recommend the journal Archives of Biotechnology and Biomedicine. The responsible contact person of the journal was always available, which gives a trustworthy impression to the author. Also the peer review process was clear and constructive. So from my experience with Heighten Science Publications Corporation I can recommend publishing there.
University of Tubingen, Germany
Yvonne Mast
We thank to the heighten science family, who speed up the publication of our article and provide every support.
Mehmet Besir
The services of the journal were excellent. The most important thing for an author is the speed of the peer review which was really fast here. They returned in a few days and immediately replied all of my questions. I want to refer this platform to all scholars.
Many thanks.
Eastern Mediterranean University, Cyprus
Zehra Guchan TOPCU
Thank you for your attitude and support. I am sincerely grateful to you and the entire staff of the magazine for the high professionalism and fast quality work. Thank you very much!
USA
Igor Klepikov
Thank you and your company for effective support of authors which are very much dependable on the funds gambling for science in the different countries of our huge and unpredictable world. We are doing our work and should rely on a teams like Galley Proof-HSPC. Great success to all of you for the 2019th!
Be well all the year long.
Russia
Victor V Apollonov
The editorial process was quickly done. The galley proof was sent within a week after being accepted for publication.
The editorial team was very helpful and responded promptly.
India
Rohit Kulshrestha
Publishing with the International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology was a rewarding experience as review process was thorough and brisk. Their visibility online is second to none as their published articles appear in all search engines. I will encourage researchers to publish with them.
University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
Dr. Elizabeth A Awoyesuku
"It was a pleasure to work with the editorial team of the journal on the submission of the manuscript. The team was professional, fast, and to the point".
NC A&T State University, USA
Moran Sciamama-Saghiv
Submission of paper was smooth, the review process was fast. I had excellent communication and on time response from the editor.
Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
Ayokunle Dada
I am delighted and satisfied with. Heighten Science Publications as my manuscript was thoroughly assessed and published on time without delay. Keep up the good work.
Ido-Ekiti/Afe Babalola University, Nigeria
Dr. Shuaib Kayode Aremu
"This is my first time publishing with the journal/publisher. I am impressed at the promptness of the publishing staff and the professionalism displayed. Thank you for encouraging young researchers like me!"
Ekiti State University, Nigeria
Adebukola Ajite
I wanna to thank clinical journal of nursing care and practice for its effort to review and publish my manuscript. This is reputable journal. Thank you!
Wollo University, Ethiopia
Atsedemariam Andualem
We appreciate your approach to scholars and will encourage you to collaborate with your organization, which includes interesting and different medical journals.
With the best wishes of success, creativity and joy in life, prosperity in the medical field.
Ivano- Frankivsk National Medical University, Ukraine
Nataliya Kitsera
Thank you very much for your support and encouragement. I am truly impressed by your tolerance and support.
Thank you very much
Diaverum: PADC, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Nasrulla Abutaleb
You are such a nice person. Your journal co-operation is very appreciable and motivational.
Department of Biotechnology, Uttaranchal college of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Archna Dhasmana
“Mobile apps and wearable technology are becoming ubiquitous in our environment. Their integration with healthcare delivery is just beginning to take shape. The early results are promising and the possibilities great."
BS, PharmD., MBA, CPHIMS, FHIMSS, Adjunct Professor, Global Healthcare Management, MCPHS University, Chief Strategy Offi cer, MedicaSoft, Senior Advisor, National Health IT (NHIT) Collaborative for Underserved, New York HIMSS, National Liaison, Health 2.0 Boston, Past Chair, Chair Innovation, USA
Helen Figge
“The choice to submit the forensic case study to the Journal of Addiction Therapy and Research was dictated by the match between the content and the potential readership. The publication process proved to be expedient and we were provided with constructive feedback from reviewers. The final article layout is attractive and conforms to standards. All-in-all, it has been a rewarding process.”
Ph.D, Boston University Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders and Knowledge Research Institute, Inc., 2131 Reflection Bay Drive, Arlington, Texas 76013, USA
Elisabeth H. Wiig
The service is nice and the time of processing the application is fast.
Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
Long Ching
Your service is very good and fast reply, Also your service understand our situation and support us to publication our articles.
Palestine College of Nursing, Khan Younis, Gaza Strip, Palestine
Ayman M Abu Mustafa
“It was a delightful experience publishing my manuscript with the Clinical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. They offered me lots of opportunities I never had from most publishing houses and their prompt services are greatly appreciated.”
Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
If you are already a member of our network and need to keep track of any developments regarding a question you have already submitted, click "take me to my Query."